9

UNITED STATES of America, Appellee, v. Elliott KAHANEK, Antonio Corallo and James Vincent Keogh, Appellants. No. 253, Docket 27784.

United States Court of Appeals Second Circuit. Argued March 8, 1963. Decided April 25, 1963.

On Rehearing May 27, 1963.

45

317 FEDERAL EEPOEXEB, 2d SERIES

Murray I. Gurfeln, New York City (John P. McGrath, New York City, Henry G. Singer, Brooklyn, N. Y., Orrin G. Judd, Jacob W. Heller, New York City, of counsel), for appellant James Vincent Kengh.

William W. Kleinman, Eugene Gold, Brooklyn, N. Y., for appellant Elliott Kahaner.

Michael P. Direnzo, New York City, for appellant Antonio Corallo.

William G. Hundley and John F. Lally, Attys., Dept. of Justice (Robert M. Morgenthau, U. S. Atty. for the Southern District of New York, Nathan Lewin, Walter T. Barnes, Philip T. White, Attys., Dept. of Justice, on the brief), for appellee.

Before CLARK, WATERMAN and FRIENDLY, Circuit Judges.

FRIENDLY, Circuit Judge.

Elliott. Kahaner, Antonio Corallo and James Vincent Keogh appeal from a judgment of conviction in the District Court for the Southern District of New York upon a verdict after a jury trial, presided over by Judge Weinfeld. The indictment charged that they, Robert M. Erdman and Sanford J. Moore conspired with each other and with six co-conspirators corruptly to influence, obstruct or impede the due administration of justice or to endeavor to do so, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1503. The case to which the alleged conspiracy was directed was a charge that Moore and other officers or employees of Gibraltor Amusements, Ltd., had been guilty of criminal con-, cealment of assets in that firm's bankruptcy proceeding in the Eastern District of New York; various overt acts were placed in the Southern District. Trial of Erdman and Moore, the Government's principal witnesses against the three appellants, was severed.

The indictment and trial in this ease attracted particular attention because of the identity of two of the appellants' Keogh, a widely known and respected Justice of the Supreme Court of New York for Kings County, and Kahaner, who had served as Chief Assistant United States Attorney and later Acting United States Attorney for the Eastern District. No suggestion has ever been made that the due administration of justice was in fact obstructed; the evidence does not reflect in the slightest degree on former Assistant United States Attorney Averill M. Williams, who was in direct charge of the prosecution in the Eastern District, or on Judge Leo F. Rayfiel, before whom Moore and the other defendants in that prosecution came for sentencing. On January 5,1961,^{Footnote 1}

Sanford J. Moore,

Sherwood Schwach, Allen Kerner, Alvin Needleman, Jacob Walter Cohen, and Abraham Manacher were arrested in the Eastern District on charges of concealing assets from the trustee in bankruptcy of Gibraltor Amusements, Ltd., a juke box enterprise on Long Island of which Moore had been vice president and principal officer, and the others had been officers or employees. Cohen, ,who had been a relatively minor employee, had a cousin, Seymour Deutsch, who did accounting work for Dr. Robert Erdman, a Manhattan physician. At the instance of Deutsch and later of Cohen, Erdman communicated some time in January with Kahaner, then Chief Assistant United States Attorney for the Eastern District, who was both a patient and a friend. At this point the evidence diverges. The following statement is drawn from the Government's case, which was based mainly on the testimony of Erdman and Moore'¦ concededly interested witnesses'who received in return for their cooperation not only postponements of trial on their own indictments here but, in Moore's case, a reduction from three years to one in his sentence on the bankruptcy charge.

The Government's claim was that, following the first conversation between Erdman and Kahaner, a plan was devised whereby Kahaner would endeavor to arrange that only two or at most three of the persons arrested would be indicted (these not to include Cohen), and that later, after Kahaner found that the Assistant United States Attorney proposed

817 to seek the indictment of three'Moore, Kerner and Schwach'the plan was broadened, so that, in Erdman's words, Kahaner "would see to it that they [i. e., the men to be indicted] were treated softly by having the case brought before a specific judge in April, for which he [Kahaner] wanted $35,000". After some hesitation Moore accepted the proposal, in part at the urging of Corallo, with the understanding that $15,000 was to be paid before sentencing, and that Corallo would hold the remaining $20,000 until thereafter. Moore and Kahaner first met in Erdman's office on February 21^{Footnote 3} and

Kahaner was paid $5,000 a day or two later. Shortly thereafter Kahaner told Erdman "pressures" were being applied against Moore because of the latter's unsavory background, and suggested that Erdman see Justice Keogh' of the New York Supreme Court for Kings County, and enlist his aid. Around the end of the month Erdman went to the chambers of the Justice, who, according to Erdman's testimony, undertook to be of assistance for a monetary consideration, indicating his financial needs on a card he handed to Erdman, later supplemented by a second one, and also talking of a new car. Erdman testified that Kahaner advised him early in March that owing to a change in the assignments of the judges in the Eastern District, the schedule would have to be accelerated so that sentencing would occur in March, and that around March 7 another $5,000 supplied by Moore was paid to Kahaner and the same amount to Justice Keogh. It is established that, on March 9, Moore, Kerner and Schwach appeared before Judge Eayfiel and pleaded guilty, their attorney, Becker, stating that this was against his advice;³ the sentencing was set for

March 30, on which day Judge Eayfiel would still be presiding.

The Government's case, still resting basically on Erdman's and Moore's testimony, continued with a meeting of Kahaner, Moore and Corallo on March 15, at which Corallo emphasized the importance to him of Moore's not being sent to prison; a demand by Kahaner for the balance of the money; a meeting of Erdman, Moore and Kahaner at a Brooklyn coffee shop in the morning of March 29 at which Kahaner was paid an additional $2,500, followed by Erdman's going alone to Justice Keogh's chambers, paying him $17,500 and reminding him that the sentencing was scheduled for the following day; and a telephone call in Erdman's presence from the Justice to Judge Eayfiel arranging to lunch that day and asking that Judge Rayfiel bring with him the probation report on Moore.

Kahaner and Keogh categorically denied everything relating to them which is recited in the two foregoing paragraphs, with the exceptions indicated in notes 2 and 3 as to Kahaner and the following exceptions as to Keogh: The Justice conceded handing Erdman two cards, the first card being an estimate of the costs of renovating his summer home and the second, on his testimony, a request for a loan, but placed the date well after the sentencing and explained these as innocent indications of his financial situation given to a close personal friend. He further agreed that Erdman had come to his chambers on the morning

of March 29, but said Erdman was accompanied by Moore and another man. The Justice's testimony was that Erdman introduced Moore as a lifelong friend who was in trouble, and wondered whether the Justice would ask Judge Rayfiel to look at Moore's "background to see whether consideration can be given to him." He thereupon made the telephone call arranging to lunch with Judge Rayfiel, although he denied asking Judge Rayfiel to bring along the probation report on Moore'a point on which his account was corroborated, and Erdman's contradicted, by Judge Rayfiel. At lunch, Keogh brought up the Moore case whereupon Judge Rayfiel said, in Keogh's -words, "that Moore was the most culpable, he was the worst offender in a bankruptcy fraud, the like of which he had not run into before, and that he could' whether background or anything else was considered'he could not consider him anything but a very unsavory character," and also that two other federal judges had alerted him of rumors "that everything has been taken care of" in regard to the Moore sentence. Erdman was told of this conversation by Keogh during the afternoon of March 29. It is not disputed that Erdman then informed Moore, who that evening told his attorney, Becker, that he wanted to withdraw his guilty plea, Justice Keogh also conceded that at Erdman's request he arranged for Erdman to see Judge Rayfiel on the morning of March 30 before the latter ascended the bench to sentence Moore and his codefendants. Judge Rayfiel said that no leniency could be extended. The stenographic transcript shows that when Moore, Kerner and Schwach appeared in court, Becker moved for leave to withdraw their guilty pleas, whereupon Judge Rayfiel remarked that this was "shall I say, very palpable, and I am sure that you know just what I mean"; that after some colloquy, during which Assistant United States Attorney Williams opposed withdrawal of the pleas, the case was placed at the bottom of the sentencing calendar; that a conference was 317 F.2d'30 then had in chambers during which Judge Rayfiel said to Becker, among other things, that he believed he had "more information than you have with respect to certain phases of this matter"; and that, on return to open court, the motion for leave to withdraw the pleas of guilty was denied, and Moore, Schwach and Kerner were sentenced for terms of three years, two years and fifteen months respectively.

Beyond this assured core of fact as to what transpired between the lunch of March 29 and the sentencing on March 30 lie great areas of controversy. There is a sharp conflict whether or not the account given by Keogh to Erdman included the prospective sentences, Erdman and Moore saying that it had and Keogh denying this, a denial supported by Judge Rayflel's testimony that he had not imparted this information to Keogh. There is likewise conflict whether the appointment for Erdman to see Judge Rayfiel was made by Justice Keogh in the afternoon of March 29, as Erdman asserted, or on the morning of March 30, as Justice Keogh and Judge Rayfiel testified. Moreover, Erdman, and Becker as well, testified that after Erdman's interview with Judge Rayfiel early on March 30 they went to the chambers of Justice Keogh; Erdman testified that he reported his lack of success with Judge Rayfiel and asked Keogh to call the Judge again, whereupon, according to Erdman, Keogh picked up the telephone and apparently did so; Becker, who said he was excused from the room for most of the time that Keogh and Erdman were talking, testified that while he was inside it, Keogh told Erdman, "Go see him again." Erdman and Becker testified that they then returned to the Federal Building where, according to Erdman, he visted Kahaner and accompanied the latter to Judge Rayfiel's chambers, which Kahaner entered, saying he would ask the judge's secretary to tell the judge that the Government would not oppose withdrawal of the guilty plea and saying also he would tell Assistant United States Attorney Williams not to fight the withdrawal.

317

This version was corroborated to some extent by Moore but was rather inconsistent with Becker's testimony that after his visit to Judge Eayfiel's chambers, Erdman said "Please don't make a motion to withdraw the pleas." Kahaner denied going to Judge Raynel's chambers or otherwise participating in the events of the morning of March 30; and Justice Keogh denied any participation save for then calling Judge Eayfiel for an appointment for Erdman, at the latter's request and in Becker's presence' this being the only call made by him to that end.

According to Erdman and Moore, there were several meetings of the defendants in April, in the course of which Kahaner, among other things, suggested that the situation might still be saved or at least ameliorated by an offer of restitution from Moore. Justice Keogh and Kahaner agreed that they lunched with Erdman on April 5, but testified this meeting had been arranged before the sentencing'a fact substantiated by Kahaner's telephone record'for the purpose of enlisting the Justice's aid in a project to have Kahaner continue for some time under the newly appointed United States Attorney, and that Moore's case was not discussed. The concededly disinterested testimony of Joseph Jaspan, the attorney for the trustee in bankruptcy of Gibraltor Amusements, Ltd., provides a thread through the events of April and May. Jaspan was in Justice Keogh's court trying a case the latter part of April, saw Moore sitting there, and approached him during a recess. Moore said he was about to apply for a reduction in sentence .and was prepared to pay in restitution $50,000 in notes endorsed by Erdman; he asked whether if such payment was made, Jaspan or the trustee, M. Hallsted Christ, "would go to Judge Eayfiel and make a plea for him." After further discussion with Moore on April 27, Jaspan was back in Justice Keogh's court on this other matter early in May; the Justice called him to the side-bar and inquired as to "what was happening" in the Gibraltor case, saying that Erdman was his physician and friend., Later the Justice's office requested Jaspan to attend a meeting in chambers on May 22; upon arriving there, Jaspan found, in addition to the Justice, Moore and Erdman, whom the Justice introduced, and Louis Forman, a business associate of Moore's. The Justice inquired what was happening in regard to the proposed settlement in Moore's case. Jaspan answered that the trustee was prepared to recommend acceptance of $50,000 in notes endorsed by Erdman, but that he "had no way of knowing whether this would help them in the matter before Judge Eayfiel," and that the offer must not be conditioned on a reduction of sentence, with Justice Keogh also emphasizing this. On May 31, Moore, whose application for a stay pending petition for certiorari from our affirmance of Judge Rayfiel's order denying leave to withdraw his guilty plea,  290 F.2d 501, had just been denied, delivered to Jaspan a check signed by Erdman for $1,000, and a series of notes, twenty-four for $1,000 and one for $25,000, made by Moore and endorsed by Erdman; he asked Jaspan to inform Judge Eayfiel of this. After an unsuccessful attempt to communicate with Williams, who, it was learned, had severed his connection with the United States Attorney's office, Jaspan called Judge Eayfiel for an appointment; the Judge was willing to make one only if a representative of the United States Attorney was present, and suggested that Jaspan call Kahaner, the Chief Assistant. After being referred by Kahaner to Kreindler, the chief of the Criminal Division, without result, Jaspan again called Kahaner, who agreed to attend, and also Becker, who had prepared the offer of restitution. When the three lawyers appeared before Judge Eayfiel that afternoon, Becker said he intended to apply for a reduction of sentence because of the restitution and wished to know whether an oral application would be entertained; Judge Eayfiel said it would. Kahaner raised the point that a petition for certiorari to review this Court's affirmance of the adjudica-

tion in bankruptcy, In re Gibraltor Amusements, Ltd.,  291 F.2d 22 (2 Cir.), cert, denied, Gibraltor Amusements, Ltd. v. Wurlitzer Co., 368 U.S. 925, 82 S.Ct. 360, 7 L.Ed.2d 190 (1961), was pending, and questioned whether the application for a reduction of sentence should be entertained unless the petition were withdrawn. The Judge said that the defendants should surrender on the following Monday as scheduled, but indicated that he would then continue bail pending a hearing on the application for reduction of sentence.

To the framework afforded by Jaspan's evidence, Erdman and Moore annexed much testimony as to markedly greater interest and participation by Justice Keogh in the settlement negotiations. In particular they claimed he had reviewed a draft of the settlement offer and insisted on eliminating a condition as to reduction of sentence'but with a remark indicative of further conversations with Judge Rayfiel that would make this damaging to Keogh rather than the reverse. Justice Keogh, while conceding that he had a discussion with Jaspan at side-bar and that a meeting was had in his chambers on May 22, denied participating in the meeting, making any remark about Judge Rayfiel or ever seeing the latter; to the extent that he conceded taking some interest in the settlement negotiations, he attributed this to his friendship with Erdman. Kahaner denied any participation save the telephone calls from Jaspan and his appearance before Judge Rayfiel on May 31. Corallo was not implicated in this phase of the alleged conspiracy.

The foregoing account, rather long as it has turned out to be, is skeletonized in the extreme and is intended only to afford the background needed for understanding the points raised on this appeal. Moreover, the summary leans in the Government's direction, since on appeal from a jury's verdict in a criminal case we must, in considering the evidence, take "the view most favorable to the Government", Glasser v. United States,  315 U.S. 60, 80, 62 S.Ct. 457, 469, 86 L.Ed. 680 (1942). Thus our outline has not included much evidence adduced by defendants, which tended to discredit Erdman's and Moore's testimony in essential respects, although some of this will be mentioned below.

Every criminal case imposes special responsibilities on judges. These are enhanced when there is a sharp conflict in the evidence and the Government's case depends in large part on the testimony of persons who admit guilt of the crime with which the other defendants are charged. The responsibilities become greater still when the case threatens the deprivation of life or, as here, imperils much that makes life worth while'in one instance a reputation built over 37 years of public service and culminating in judicial office, and in another a young lawyer's promising career. Yet we must say also that the offense here charged'an attempt to interfere with the administration of justice'strikes at the very foundation of government, and that the high position in the community held by one of the defendants, and the role of another as a federal prosecutor, would aggravate the offense'if it occurred. The institutional arrangement of power made by our Constitution leaves such awesome questions of guilt to be determined, not by trial or appellate judges, but by a jury of laymen, with the Government having the appropriately heavy burden of convincing twelve men or women of the guilt of each defendant beyond a reasonable doubt. If the evidence was sufficient to warrant submission to the jury, it is not for judges "to weigh the evidence or to determine the credibility of witnesses", Glasser v. United States, supra, 315 U. S. at 80, 62 S.Ct. at 469; our task, once we find that condition satisfied, is the more limited one of determining whether errors prejudicial to the defendants, occurred at the trial. Even the bare outline we have given shows that the evidence was sufficient so that a reasonable juror could be convinced of the guilt of

317 FEDEEAL REPORTER, 2d SERIES each of the appellants beyond a reasonable doubt. ^{Footnote 4}

Both the prosecution's case and the defendants' had their strengths and their weaknesses; it was for the jury, under proper instructions, to decide between them. So we pass to the many claims of error pressed upon us.

We have considered all these with care; our opinion will confine itself to those we deem most significant. For convenience we shall divide the claims into three categories: (I) Those relating to matters which arose prior to the judge's charge; (II) those relating to the charge itself; and (III) those relating to matters occurring subsequent to the submission to the jury.

I. MATTERS ARISING PRIOR TO THE JUDGE'S CHARGE. (1) Alleged use of information obtained by unlawful search and seizure. Counsel for Justice Keogh complain of the court's refusal to grant a hearing, under F.B.Crim.Proc. 41 (e), as to the Government's use of information from his personal telephone message books, allegedly obtained by an illegal search and seizure. The facts as to how the Government obtained access to these books were developed at a hearing outside the presence of the jury, when the Government sought to compel their production during presentation of its case and Keogh's trial counsel objected, apparently on the basis of the privilege against self-incrimination, and also, to some extent, through testimony later given by Justice Keogh. After this hearing the Government withdrew its request for production of the message books, but Keogh's trial counsel contended that the facts that had been developed showed that the Government's previous access to the books constituted an illegal search and seizure and thus required a further hearing to determine the information that had been obtained and the use to which it had been put. The claim was that the Government had used the information to "refresh" Erdman's recollection so that his trial testimony as to the dates and times of his contacts with Keogh would tie in with messages recorded in Keogh's books, as his grand jury testimony in July and August, 1961, allegedly had not.

The Government answers that Keogh consented to the examination of the message books, both by giving advance permission and by never expressing any objection despite his knowledge that the examination had taken place.³

Moreover, it argues that even if access had been illegally obtained, the motion for a hearing looking to suppression of the fruits of the search was untimely under F.R.Crim.Proc. 41 (e), coming, as it did, in mid-trial and long after Keogh had learned that the "search" had been conducted. We find it unnecessary to pass on the latter contention, which would require us to consider, among other things, whether the requirement that "if such a claim is made after the trial is under way, the judge must * * *

be satisfied that the accused could not at an earlier stage have had adequate knowledge to make his claim." Nardone v. United States,  308 U.S. 338, 342, 60 S.Ct. 266, 268, 84 L.Ed. 307 (1939), refers only to knowledge of the search and, if so, how complete the knowledge must be, or must include knowledge that what the Government obtained by the search was to be put to a detrimental use. For the evidence here warranted the court's conclusion that no illegal search had occurred.

Two agents of the FBI, Maher and Gallagher, came by appointment to see Justice Keogh in the Kings County Supreme Court on the morning of September 15; he adjourned court and met them in a robing room adjacent to his courtroom on the 7th floor. Justice Keogh's attitude had been one of full cooperation with the Government's investigation ; he had been interviewed by FBI agents and had made records of his bank accounts and his checkbooks available to them. Knowing that the FBI wished to interview his two clerks, Benjamin and Seigel, he had arranged for them to be waiting in the robing room. Then, in Keogh's words, "I told my two clerks that I thought it would be more comfortable if they went up to the eleventh floor chambers, * * * and told my clerks to give them [the FBI agents], to the best of their ability, any information they should like". Benjamin's version of Keogh's instruction was, " 'Tell them everything they want to know and be cooperative with them'", or, as he restated it, " 'Go with these two gentlemen up to the 11th floor chambers .and tell them anything they want to know' ". Agent Maher testified: "Judge Keogh told Mr. Seigel and Mr. Benjamin that we were going to interview them and that they'he wished that they would cooperate and furnish any information that we requested." After the agents had finished questioning Benjamin in the 11th floor chambers, they asked if the judge kept any notes of his telephone messages. Benjamin showed them the telephone message books, whereupon "They took, I believe it was, the current book with the hard cover on it and skimmed through the pages". Keogh testified that later in the day one of the clerks "said the agents thumbed through them [the telephone message slips] and asked what the red checks meant, and that was all I heard about that". At no time during his frequent contacts with the Government in the ensuing weeks, during which he submitted to further interviews and testified before the grand jury, did Justice Keogh indicate objection to what had been done.

Judge Weinfeld was warranted in refusing to find in this the "forcible and compulsory extortion of a man's own testimony or of his private papers to be used as evidence to convict him of crime or to forfeit his goods" condemned in Boyd v. United States,  116 U.S. 616, 630, 6 S.Ct. 524, 532, 29 L.Ed. 746 (1886). True, the protection of the Fourth Amendment is not limited to cases where force is used, as Gouled v. United States,  255 U.S. 298, 41 S.Ct. 261, 65 L.Ed. 647 (1921), clearly shows. But here we have no case, such as was there presented, of "a representative of any branch or subdivision of the Government of the United States by stealth, or through social acquaintance, or in the guise of a business call" gaining access to a defendant's premises by subterfuge and making a "search and seizure subsequently and secretly * * * in his absence * * *." Here the representatives of the United States came openly and by appointment to get information which Justice Keogh, a former federal prosecutor well aware of his rights, indicated'not only by his words but by his prior and subsequent conduct 'that he was entirely willing to give; his consent was quite sufficient to include the telephone message books kept by the clerks. Although each of the many decisions in this area necessarily turns on its own facts, we find Honig v. United States,  208 F.2d 916 (8 Cir. 1953); United States v. Dornblut,  261 F.2d 949 (2 Cir. 1958); and United States v. Martin, 176 F.Supp. 262 (S.D.N.Y.

S17 1959), sustaining¹ the propriety of the agents' conduct, more nearly apposite than others, cited by counsel for Keogh, which held the alleged consent to be involuntary and the search unlawful. While the court was thus warranted in holding that the agents' checking of the telephone message books was not an unlawful search and that there was thus no basis for a separate hearing directed to the suppression of its fruits, this did not prevent Keogh's counsel from developing at the trial itself that the information obtained from the message books had been used to prompt Erdman; he could have called Maher and Gallagher, interrogated them as to what information they had obtained and what they had done with it, and then, on a suitable showing, had Erdman recalled for further cross-examination. We realize that, as a matter of trial tactics, this was a far less attractive course, very likely an altogether unattractive one; but it was all counsel was entitled to. (2) Newspaper headlines. Judge Rayfiel testified on Friday, June 1, 1962, in regard to his luncheon with Justice Keogh on the day preceding the sentencing and to his seeing Dr. Erdman at Keogh's request on the next morning. ^{Footnote 6}

The Journal American for the afternoon of June 1 carried a large^type banner headline "U. S. Judge accuses Keogh"; the World-Telegram had a four-column headline, "Judge Testifies Keogh Made Bid for Leniency." When the trial resumed on Monday, counsel for the defendants moved for a mistrial. The judge announced he would question the jurors separately in the presence of counsel. The questioning revealed that although all the jurors had followed the judge's instructions not to read newspaper articles about the case, eight jurors and three alternates had not been able to avoid seeing the headlines; they all asserted, however, that these had not affected their ability to decide the case solely on the evidence. The court denied the motion for a mistrial and also a request that Judge Rayfiel's testimony be read to the jury; but, as we shall see,, this testimony was read to the jury at its. request on the afternoon before it reached its verdict.

Whether Judge Raynel's direct testimony was that Justice Keogh himself had sought leniency for Moore or merely that he had passed on a friend's request'an issue we shall discuss further when we come to the charge'the World-Telegram's headline was within the range of fair characterization. The Journal American's was not; Judge Rayfiel had simply stated his recollection of the facts and had further said that he saw no impropriety "in anyone speaking in behalf of a man about to be sentenced." A misleading headline printed; so large that conscientious jurors cannot help seeing it hardly bespeaks a proud and responsible press, whose constitutional freedom rises no higher than, the criminal defendant's right to a fairtrial. However, we find it quite impossible to believe that the jury, which had; seen and heard Judge Rayfiel that afternoon, which was to listen to so much exegesis of his testimony in the way of summations by counsel and instructions by the court, and which was finally to request a reading of that testimony, could' have been so affected by an inflammatory verb in a newspaper headline, two weeks, before its verdict, as to impeach the verdict's validity. Comparison of the facts here with the publicity relating to inadmissible prior offenses in Marshall v.. United States,  360 U.S. 310, 79 S.Ct. 1171, 3 L.Ed.2d 1250 (1959), or the "build-up of prejudice" in Irvin v. Dowd,  366 U.S. 717, 725, 81 S.Ct. 1639, 1644, 6 L.Ed.2d 751 (1961), shows the inapplicability of these cases, and of the salutary principle for which they stand. (3) Admission of evidence of gifts-, and loans from Erdman to Justice Keogh. The Government was allowed to provethat Erdman had made gifts to Justice

Keogh of a car in 1959 and of storm windows, had lent him $2500 in I960, had made him a further loan of $1000 on June 28, 1961, when, as Erdman testified, Keogh "said he was going to Great Barrington and that he needed some more money," and, on July 14, 1961, had sent him a further check for $500, Erdman testifying that Justice Keogh had solicited this in terms rather similar to the previous loan, where as Keogh had testified before the grand jury that it was unsolicited. The judge admitted this evidence "solely for the purpose of showing the relationship and association between the defendant Keogh and Erdman"; he reiterated this limitation during the trial and in his charge, adding "There is no claim that the loans were payments in furtherance of the conspiracy" and that "in no respect may the testimony as to the loans or gifts or any exhibits relating thereto be considered as proof of the conspiracy here charged." Counsel for Keogh urge the admission of the evidence Was error, claiming that the danger of the jury's viewing the gifts and loans as evidence of other corrupt endeavors outweighed any probative value the material had as showing a friendship between Justice Keogh and Dr. Erdman, which the defense had conceded.

There can hardly be doubt that the evidence passed the basic test of relevancy ; "the evidentiary fact offered does not need to have strong, full, superlative, probative value, does not need to involve demonstration or to produce persuasion by its sole and intrinsic force, but merely to be worth consideration by the jury," 1 Wigmore, Evidence (3d ed. 1940), 411. A jury could well believe the type of relationship which these transactions tended to establish was far more likely to produce, or to have produced, an attitude of mind in which Keogh might suggest a financial reward for an intercession with Judge Rayfiel than a relation between doctor and patient that had developed into a close friendship. Moreover, characterization of these incidents by the general phrase "gifts and loans" considerably understates their significance. Erdman's reference to the 1959 car was a part of his statement that, on their first discussion of the Moore case, Keogh said "that the car I got him in 1959 was a little old and that he could use a new car"; the storm windows and the 1960 loans related to the Justice's summer home at Great Barrington, further requirements for which were listed on the card which Erdman claimed was given to him at the same meeting; the statements of financial need allegedly made in June and July, 1961, tended to show that Keogh needed money for the Great Barrington project and otherwise and thus to support Erdman's story as to the corrupt transactions; and the phrase "some more money" in Erdman's description of the June loan was part of a conversation where the possibility of Moore's seeking a refund was also allegedly discussed. The court's restriction on the purpose for which the jury might consider the evidence, although doubtless wise, thus operated to defendants' advantage.

We see no warrant for counsel's fear that the jury was likely to take this evidence as proving- generally bad character or previous corrupt efforts to influence the administration of justice. The Government made no such suggestion, and the court expressly narrowed the purpose for which the evidence could be considered. However, if in fact the evidence was susceptible of such use despite the limiting instruction, its admission would still not call for reversal since "the inadmissibility of an evidential fact for one purpose does not prevent its admissibility for any other purpose otherwise proper." 1 Wigmore, supra, at 711. Even if the evidence had been far more liable to improper use than it was, "As we have so often held, evidence relevant to the proof of one crime is not incompetent because it discloses the commission of another." United States v. Eury,  268 F.2d 517, 520 (2 Cir. 1959), citing many cases. True, the trial judge should, in an exercise of sound discretion, exclude evidence tending to show the commission of other

81 crimes "where the minute peg of relevancy will be entirely obscured by the dirty linen hung upon it." State v. Goebel, 36 Wash.2d 367, 218 P.2d 300, 306, cited in McCormick, Evidence (1954), 333, fn. 28; cf. Grunewald v. United States,  353 U.S. 391, 424-425, 77 S.Ct. 963, 1 L.Ed.2d 931 (1957). But the judge's conclusion that the relevance of this evidence outweighed any tendency to undue prejudice, with the cautionary instruction he repeatedly gave, was in no manner an abuse of discretion; indeed, we think exclusion of the evidence would have been wrong. ^{Footnote 7}

(4) Exclusion of evidence of practice of other Eastern District judges to receive presentence information. Objection is made to the court's refusal to allow Justice Keogh to testify whether, during the period when he was United States Attorney for the Eastern District in 1945-1949, "there [was] an accepted practice by * * * every federal judge in Brooklyn, to receive information from sources other than the presentence report on the family status and background of persons about to be sentenced"; he was permitted to testify "it was Judge Eayfiel's practice to try to obtain other than through the Probation Department any information that might come from clergymen, relatives, friends, so that he could evaluate the entire panorama of the background of the particular person to be sentenced." Judge Eayfiel had previously stated that "within the limits of the time that was available, I would talk with any person who had anything to say in behalf of a person about to be sentenced." There was no challenge to the defense's point that Justice Keogh was warranted in believing he might properly discuss Moore's sentence with Judge Rayfiel, although, on his own testimony, the aid he could afford was scanty'if his motivation was solely what he claimed it to be. It is thus hard to see the relevancy of evidence showing that, as a result of his experience as United States Attorney a dozen years before, he would have felt equally warranted in having a similar discussion with other judges who at that time had been on the bench of the Eastern District along with Judge Rayfiel, then the junior judge: "[L]egal relevancy denotes, first of all, something more than a minimum of probative value. Each single piece of evidence must have a plus value." 1 Wigmore, supra, at 409-10. The court did not err in concluding that the proffered evidence did not meet this standard' particularly in view of the areas that might have had to be opened for rebuttal by the Government if the evidence had been admitted. Trial judges have wide discretion to exclude for remoteness. Duvall v. Birden, 124 Conn. 43, 198 A. 255 (1938); McCormick, supra, at 320. (5) Cross-examination of Kahaner with respect to his brokerage accounts. Kahaner complains of the crossexamination with respect to stock transactions set forth in the margin.* On the redirect which followed immediately, he

testified that he had never purchased any stock with cash or made any large cash deposits in brokerage or other accounts. It was later stipulated that the only money deposited in his brokerage accounts in 1961 was $200 by check on January 28; hence the large figure in the prosecutor's questions could only have represented purchases made with proceeds from the sale of securities already owned. The contention is that the prosecutor knew this when he asked the questions we have quoted. If this be so, and the Government's brief does not deny it, we must regard this cross-examination as a blemish on what seems otherwise to have been an entirely fair, although properly vigorous, presentation of the Government's case. But the court stopped the inquiry at an early stage, Kahaner largely set matters right only a few moments later, the stipulation finished the job, and no further reference to the matter was made. Under these circumstances, we cannot consider that the prosecutor's questions, unfair though we deem them to have been, created such prejudice as to call for reversal. (6) Failure to furnish Jencks Act statements of witnesses against Kahaner. Rose Kippe, secretary to the Chief Assistant United States Attorney, was called by the Government solely to identify and explain the record she kept of incoming telephone calls that Kahaner had been unable to take; later she appeared as a witness for Kahaner and gave important testimony on his behalf. Complaint is made that, despite a pretrial agreement that all witnesses' statements subject to production by the Government under 18 U.S.C. § 3500 would be given to defense counsel without the need of request, such a statement of Mrs. Kippe's was not produced until she appeared as a defense witness, when the Government had it marked for identification and made some slight use of it on cross-examination. We have examined the statement; it is in full accord with the very limited testimony given by Mrs. Kippe as a witness for the Government, which was not disputed by anyone. Kahaner's brief also complained of the Government's failure to furnish any statements by Eose St. George, an employee of the United States Attorney's office, and Dr. Fred Miller, an FBI document expert who testified on rebuttal as to certain obliterations in Kahaner's diary; it asked that the Government tell us whether any such statements exist. The Government has advised that there was a report by Dr. Miller made to the FBI on June 7, 1962, the day preceding his testimony; we have read it and find it to be simply a summary of the findings to which Dr. Miller testified. These objections thus fail under the harmless error rule, 28 U.S.C. § 2111. Rosenberg v. United States,  360 U.S. 367, 79 S.Ct. 1231, 3 L.Ed.2d 1304 (1959). (7) Use of Moore's grand jury testimony with respect to Corallo. The case against Corallo rested wholly on the testimony of Erdman and Moore. Both had implicated Corallo in their grand jury testimony, and Erdman did so at the trial. However, on the Government's first question to Moore at the trial which involved Corallo's knowledge of the proposed corrupt endeavor, he answered "I didn't tell Corallo what this $10,000 was

for." Government efforts to refresh Moore's recollection on this and other questions by reference to his grand jury testimony proved largely unsuccessful. He completely exculpated Corallo on cross-examination by the letter's counsel. Thereupon the prosecutor sought permission to examine Moore on his grand jury testimony, stating that he was surprised by Moore's trial testimony since it was substantially different from what Moore had told the grand jury and Moore had given assurances that the grand jury version was the truth. After an overnight adjournment, the court found that with respect to four specific matters the Government's claim of surprise was justified and ruled that, under the authority of Di Carlo v. United States, 6 F.2d 364, 367-368 (2 Cir.), cert, denied, Dicarlo v. United States, 268 U.S. 706, 45 S.Ct. 640, 69 L.Ed. 1168 (1925); United States v. Allied Stevedoring Corp.,  241 F.2d 925 (2 Cir.), cert, denied, 353 U.S. 984, 77 S.Ct. 1282 1 L.Ed.2d 1143 (1957); and United States v. Murray,  297 F.2d 812 (2 Cir.), cert, denied, 369 U.S. 828, 82 S.Ct. 845, 7 L.Ed.2d 794 (1962), the Government would be allowed, if a further attempt to refresh Moore's recollection failed, "to question the witness as to whether he had not been asked certain questions and give[n] certain answers thereto as shown by the grand jury testimony on this subject." The court instructed the jury that evidence so taken was to be considered only against Corallo, and also that "To the extent that any evidence was elicited from this witness of his prior testimony before the grand jury, that is not to be treated as affirmative proof of the fact," but "together with his current trial testimony, only goes to the issue of his credibility on these matters."

Counsel for Corallo argues that the prosecutor was not in fact surprised and that, despite the judge's instruction, the jury really was asked to accept Moore's grand jury testimony rather than what he said at the trial. As tothe first point, the showing of surprise met the rather modest requirement of such cases as United States v. Graham, 102 F.2d 436, 442 (2 Cir.), cert, denied, 307 U.S. 643, 59 S.Ct. 1041, 83 L.Ed. 1524 (1939); Ellis v. United States, 138 F.2d 612, 616 (8 Cir. 1943); Weaver v. United States,  216 F.2d 23 (9 Cir. 1954) ; and Stevens v. United States,  256 F.2d 619, 622-623 (9 Cir. 1958). On the second point, the court conformed to the judicially sanctioned ritual; whether the time may not have come to recognize the realism of Corallo's analysis, but to answer it by the franker and bolder approach apparently advocated in Judge Learned Hand's pioneering opinion in Di Carlo, supra, 6 F.2d at 368; see McCormick, supra, § 39; 3 Wigmore, supra,; § 1018, note 2; Morgan, Hearsay Dangers, 62 Harv.L.Rev. 177, 192-96 (1948);: cf. Bridges v. Wixon,  326 U.S. 135, 150155, 65 S.Ct. 1443, 89 L.Ed. 2103 (1945), we leave for another day.

II. CRITICISMS OF THE JUDGE'S CHARGE..

The criticisms of the charge are somewhat more serious. Almost all relate tothe judge's handling of the facts. Wefind but two significant criticisms that relate to the law, and even in those cases, as our discussion will show, the error alleged is not in the statement of the law as such but in its relation to the evidencehere.

A. (1) Kahaner criticizes a portion of the charge where, after stating that it would not be unlawful for Justice Keogh to have spoken to Judge Eayfiel about Moore for disinterested reasons but that it would be if he had received cash from Erdman on behalf of Moore, the judge made the remarks quoted in the margin. ^{Footnote 9}

The criticism is that there

was no evidence that Kahaner had ever "used his position as Williams' superior * * * to obtain suspended sentences for those indicted," and also that, although there was evidence that Kahaner had made some inquiry in January whether Williams would be satisfied to indict two rather than three, there was no evidence that Kahaner had any arrangement with Erdman at the time for a cash consideration. The first criticism seems well taken; it may or may not be a sufficient answer to the second that the jury could have drawn an inference that Kahaner had already formulated an idea 'of seeking to obtain money from the prospective defendants in the bankruptcy case and thought that success in reducing the number to be indicted would enhance "*;he interest of whose who were. What is a sufficient answer to both criticisms is that no exception was taken, as required by F.R.Crim.Proc. 30, and that the error was a long way from being so prejudicial as to attract the rule, F.R.Crim.Proc. 52  370 U.S. 690, 707, 82 S.Ct. 1404, 1414, (1962). Moreover, the claim ignores Moore's testimony as to the remark allegedly made by Justice Keogh in relation to Judge Rayfiel to which we have previously referred. The defendants also claim the charge on the restitution phase was erroneous. The court said that the jury must first determine whether the conspiracy ended on March 30; that if it so found, then, in deciding whether a defendant had been a member of the conspiracy, it must exclude all evidence of the restitution plan other than admissions of the particular defendant; but that if it found that the conspiracy con-

tinued beyond March 30 to the end of May, it might consider acts or declarations of all co-conspirators during that period in furtherance of the conspiracy's objectives. This seems entirely right.

B.

Appellants rely more heavily on their criticisms, both general and specific, of the judge's treatment of the evidence. The general criticisms, that the judge spent more time in stating the Government's than the defendants' case and that he ignored points developed by the defense on cross-examination and inconsistencies among the Government's witnesses, are rather plainly lacking in merit. The general plan of this portion of the charge was to state first the Government's case and then the defendants' contentions. This is a traditional method of presentation and one rather helpful to the jury since it generally follows the order in which the evidence has been heard, although it almost necessarily involves giving more time to the prosecution's case than the defense, which, in the nature of things, often must take the form of a denial. We cannot believe juries are misled by this method of commenting on the evidence, any more than they are by the fact that more time is usually devoted at the trial to hearing the evidence of the prosecution than of the defense, which sometimes offers none at all. Moreover, doubtless in an effort to prevent any possible unfairness from this organization of the charge, the judge repeatedly interrupted the statement of the Government's case to include at least a portion of the defense's answer. And at the very beginning of his summary of the defendants' contentions, he emphasized that defendants "point to the inconsistencies and contradictions contained in the testimony of government witnesses and the contradiction of their testimony by other government witnesses." It is convenient, despite some overlapping, to divide the specific attacks into three categories: (1) Failure adequately to charge a theory of defense; (2) misstatements of the evidence; and (3) failure adequately to present defendants' answers to various claims of the Government. (1) Counsel for Kahaner did not question that Moore had paid $35,000 to Erdman in aid of a corrupt endeavor to influence the administration of justice. His theory, which was joined generally by the other defendants save that counsel for Keogh also questioned whether the money ever had been raised, was that Erdman intended from the outset to pocket the money, did exactly that, and then, when his iniquity was discovered, decided to implicate Kahaner, Keogh and Corallo in an effort to gain favor with the Government, with Moore joining in the endeavor for the same reason. More specifically, the theory was that Erdman's cupidity had been aroused when he learned the prospective defendants were thinking of engaging a well-known Washington, D. C, lawyer for §60,000 plus an estimated $10,000 for disbursements ; that, after first suggesting that a New York lawyer could be retained for half that amount, he had the happy thought of getting this money for himself by promising to bring about the desired result through corrupt means; that he pressured Moore down the primrose path; and that he then lulled Moore and the other defendants in the bankruptcy case into a false sense of security by talk of arrangements with Kahaner and later of assistance from Justice Keogh which existed almost exclusively in Erdman's mind and on his tongue. Defendants claim this theory received substantial support from one of the wholly disinterested witnesses, M. Hallsted Christ, the trustee in bankruptcy of Gibraltor. Christ had called Erdman shortly before July 13 to say that the first of Moore's $1000 notes had been returned for lack of funds and to ask Erdman to make good; Erdman said he had already sent a check to Jaspan. Christ went on: "In the course of my conversation with Dr. Erdman, he indicated that he had security of $35,000 and asked me whether I could get any leads on assets of Mr. Moore that would bring him an additional $13,000

and he indicated that he had a firm of attorneys working to obtain that additional $15,000." Under date of July 13, Erdman wrote Christ a letter which began: "Sorry to have caused you any inconvenience. Mr. Moore apparently now feels that his case is unreasonable and he apparently does not plan to pay his notes. I am security for the first $35,000.00 and certainly would appreciate it if further security for the $15,000.00 could be obtained. Any information you have regarding this would be appreciated." Interpreting the letter in the light of Christ's testimony as to the telephone call and other undisputed facts, it seems entirely clear, despite the Government's contention to the contrary, that, as indeed Erdman admitted on cross-examination, he meant "I am secured for the first $35,000"'a highly significant figure on defendants' theory. When taxed with this, Erdman said his statement as to security related to $35,000 in Ace Manufacturing Co.'an explanation which was attacked by Keogh's counsel in summation, which the Government does not attempt to elucidate in its brief, and which we do not understand. After the charge had been concluded, Kahaner's counseladmitting "I overlooked it completely in my request"'asked the judge "to charge the jury with respect to the testimony of Mr. Christ and * * * the letter of July 13th, that it is part of the defendant Kahaner's theory that Erdman got the money and keep [sic] it." After noting that counsel had argued the point to the jury in his summation, the judge declined.

As was held in United States v. Strassman,  241 F.2d 784 (2 Cir. 1957), such an oral request made after the conclusion of the charge was too late under F.R.Crim.Proc. 30'a rule grounded both on the danger of error inherent in the necessarily rapid consideration of an oral request at such a time and on the possibly undue impact of a separate charge devoted to a single fact or theory. Still we might well invoke the "plain error" provision of Rule 52 (b) if such a basic theory of defense as that Erdman intended to and did keep the money, had in no way been put before the jury. But that was not at all the case. The theory had been extensively argued in the opening on behalf of Keogh, and in the summation of Kahaner's counsel which also included the support allegedly afforded by Christ's testimony and Erdman's letter. Moreover the charge itself told the jury, in a passage previously quoted, that the one thing on which all counsel agreed was that the jury could not find Keogh or Kahaner guilty unless it found that the money was paid to them; after all it had heard, the jury scarcely needed to be told explicitly in the charge that the money could not have been paid to Kahaner and Keogh if Erdman had kept it. (2) Judge Weinfeld described the meeting at which the $35,000 plan was first put by Erdman before Moore, Deutsch and Cohen in the manner set forth in the margin. ^{Footnote 10}

The defendants level two attacks at this: The first concerns the dates assigned to the telephone call from Kahaner to Erdman and Erdman's meeting with Moore, Deutsch and Cohen. At one point in his direct examination Moore gave the

date of the delivery of the first $5,000 to Erdman, which, of course, was subsequent to the meeting, as "the 10th of February'yes, about the 12th or 13th of February." Under cross-examination by Kahaner's counsel, Moore said repeatedly that the meeting at which Erdman first asked for money was on February 10 or "a day either way, the 10th or 11th." The importance of this was that Kahaner concededly was on a vacation in the Caribbean from February 2 to 13; hence, if the meeting was on February 10 or 11, Kahaner could not have called Erdman shortly before it as Erdman claimed. Kahaner's counsel took proper exception to the judge's failure to call the jury's attention to Moore's testimony as to the date.

Although it would have been better if the judge had done so, we do not find his refusal to modify his charge to have been prejudicial. The charge itself was accurate; Erdman had fixed the call from Kahaner as "past the second week of February." Moreover, Moore himself on direct examination had first described the meeting as being "About the middle of February", and during his cross-examination, even before Kahaner's counsel had gotten him thoroughly committed to February 10 or 11 as the date of the meeting, Moore had altered the date of the delivery of the money from February 10, as he had testified on the previous day, to February 20'a date consistent with Erdman's fixing the telephone call at a date after Kahaner's return. Deutsch and Cohen also placed the meeting during the week of February 12. More important, the point as to the date had been developed by Kahaner's counsel on summation with such skill and vigor that it must have been deeply impressed on the jury's mind'an impression that ought to have been reinforced by the judge's saying, in his summary of Kahaner's defense, "that shortly thereafter [i. e., after his talk with Williams] he left for a holiday and did not return to the United States until February 14th." This issue was of the sort the judge may have had in mind when he emphasized in his additional charge, given after taking the exceptions, "that counsel, during the course of their summations, referred to various matters which they stressed and believed were important and to which I did not refer, and, of course, you will bear these matters in mind."

The other attack concerns the judge's statement that the four participants in the meeting, although differing as to some matters, "appear to be in accord that Kahaner's proposal for a payment to him of $35,000 was submitted by Erdman at that meeting." This was not correct. The four participants were in accord that a $35,000 payment was proposed, and Erdman and Moore were in accord that Erdman had characterized the proposal as coming from Kahaner and as being for a payment to him. But Deutsch testified only that "Dr. Erdman told Mr. Moore that he thought he could do something for him, that it would cost $35,000. And he said he is doing it for my cousin, that was the only reason that he had gotten involved." Cohen said on direct examination "At that time Dr. Erdman told him [Moore] that $35,000 would take care of it"; under crossexamination he elaborated that he believed at the time that the $35,000 was going to a lawyer for his fee.

Analyzing the record from our vantage point, the variance can be deemed quite significant. Throughout the trial no witness save Erdman and Moore testified that Kahaner ever sought a payment or that any payment was made; corroboration of Erdman's mention of a Kahaner proposal for a payment, even from coconspirators such as Deutsch and Cohen, would thus be important, and their failure to recount this even more so. We find no indication, however, that any such significance was attributed to th& judge's slip by anyone at the trial. No exception was taken by defense counsel; had it been, the judge would doubtless have given a corrective instruction as he did on another matter, where no actual error had occurred. This absence of exception is important, not merely from the standpoint of compliance with F.R.

Crim.Proc. 30 and the necessity, on which the Rule rests, for avoiding retrials on grounds not called to the judge's attention, but for another reason we find equally pertinent here. If the judge's inadvertent error did not attract the attention of any of the alert and capable counsel representing these defendants, it is fanciful to think that this single sentence in a charge of more than sixty printed pages so impressed the jury as to have influenced their decision'and to have done this despite the judge's admonition, made more emphatic by repetition in his additional charge, that "if any reference by me does not accord with your recollection, you will disregard entirely what I have said and be guided by your own independent recollection." Appellants say the latter instruction is a mere formal incantation with which jurors cannot possibly comply in a trial of this length. So it might be if the judge had delivered the kind of invective described in Quercia v. United States,