Lloyd L. DOWNING, M. D., Plaintiff-Appellant, v. R. Allen WILLIAMS, Superintendent, et al., Defendants-Appellees.

No. 78-2869.

United States Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit.

Aug. 21, 1980.

3 61

John A. Buckley, Texarkana, Tex., for plaintiff-appellant.

Martha H. Allan, Lonny F. Zwiener, Asst. Attys. Gen., Austin, Tex., for defendantsappellees.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas.

Before TUTTLE, AINSWORTH and SAM D. JOHNSON, Circuit Judges.

TUTTLE, Circuit Judge: This is an appeal by a plaintiff physician from a jury verdict for the defendants in a 42 U.S.C. § 1983 suit for damages and injunctive relief in which the physician alleged that his procedural due process and first amendment rights had been violated. We reverse the judgment.

Lloyd Downing was the only staff psychiatrist at the San Angelo Center, a Texas state mental health and mental retardation facility. It appears that over the years he worked there, he had doubts about the quality of care patients were receiving at the Center. He made complaints about the facility to the Justice Department, the state of Texas, and the American Psychiatric Association. On several occasions, he wrote comments critical of patient care on the patients' medical charts. Several times he was told to bring his criticisms to the administrator of the institution, rather than speaking to staff about these problems, or writing on medical records of patients.

On May 31, 1977, R. Allen Williams, superintendent of the facility met with Dr. Downing for about six hours to discuss his conduct and to deliver a letter to him. The letter advised Dr. Downing of the concerns of Dr. Williams concerning Dr. Downing's difficulties relating with staff resulting from the written comments in medical records which Dr. Williams felt were not appropriate to a patient's treatment. Dr. Downing was told that he must follow two directives in order to continue his employment at the Center. These directives were: 1.

You will immediately cease editorializing through unusual and uncustomary statements in the clinical records of the clients of this facility.

2.

I will insist that you follow administrative channels to state your personal concerns regarding staff and programs in lieu of editorializing in the clinical records.

On June 16, 1977, a patient at the San Angelo Center suffered cardiac arrest and had to wait approximately 45 minutes for an ambulance. Dr. Downing made the following entries on the patient's chart: No suction No resusc. equipment No emergency ambulance available Gross neglect Would have to suction by mouth (emphasis in original.) He also referred the incident to the acting superintendent and to a doctor on the Quality Review Committee.

Four days later, Dr. Williams met again with Dr. Downing and told him that the June 16 entries were in violation of the May 31 directives and gave him a letter telling him he was fired. The letter explained that his termination was due to "deliberate insubordination" which had destroyed his effectiveness to relate to other staff. See note 11, infra.

After the termination Dr. Downing asked for an administrative hearing. What he was offered was a hearing before the grievance committee under the Rules of the Commissioner of the Texas Department of Mental Health and Mental Retardation. He did not pursue the opportunity for such a hearing.

In his complaint, Dr. Downing alleged that his procedural due process rights under the fourteenth amendment of the United States Constitution were violated because he was never properly confronted with the factual charges against him, offered an opportunity to be heard in his defense, or afforded other basic procedural rights. He also charged that the May 31 letter restricted his first amendment rights and that he was fired for exercising those rights. He sued the defendants in their individual and official capacities.^{Footnote 1} He sought an injunction requiring the defendants to reinstate him and barring them from firing him for the exercise of his first amendment rights and without providing him due process. He also requested damages for loss of earnings during the period he was fired. At trial, on the basis of special verdicts the jury found that Dr. Downing was dismissed with good cause;^{Footnote 2} that he was provided with written notice of the reasons for his dismissal and an effective opportunity to respond to the charges before his superiors; ^{Footnote 3} that he waived his rights to notice and a conference before his superiors; ^{Footnote 4} that the grievance procedure did provide Dr. Downing with an effective opportunity to respond before an impartial decision maker ^{Footnote 5} and that Downing waived that right also. ^{Footnote 6}

The jury was also provided with instructions as to how the court viewed the applicable law. ^{Footnote 7}

The trial judge

concluded that there was sufficient evidence to support all of what he described as "the jury's findings of fact in this case." He therefore ruled that all the "prerequisites of Constitutional due process were afforded to the plaintiff" and that his rights of free speech were not violated. It is from that judgment that Dr. Downing appeals. In this appeal, Dr. Downing raises the same two issues he raised at trial'the procedural due process issue and the first amendment issue. The state argues here that a suit for damages against these defendants in their official capacity is a suit against the state of Texas and is barred by the eleventh amendment to the United States Constitution. We will examine each of these issues in turn.

I Procedural Due Process Claims* As a preliminary matter, we note that we are not bound by the jury's findings that Dr. Downing was provided, prior to his dismissal, with adequate written notice and an opportunity to respond to his superiors, or its finding that he waived that right, if the jury finding was wrong as a matter of law. Likewise, we are not bound by the jury's determination that the grievance procedure provided for a hearing before an impartial decision maker, or that Dr. Downing waived this right. While a jury can certainly determine contested issues of fact, it cannot make determinations of law, such as whether Dr. Downing "waived" his rights, or was provided "adequate" notice. These determinations of how constitutional standards are to be applied to the case at hand can only be made by the judge since they are questions of law. Cf. Dimick v. Schiedt,  293 U.S. 474, 486, 55 S.Ct. 296, 301, 79 L.Ed. 603 (1935).

We are faced here with two procedural due process issues related to the termination of Dr. Downing's employment. First, we must examine whether such pre-termination procedures as are required were implemented in this case, and whether Dr. Downing waived those procedures. Second, we must examine the post-termination procedures provided to Dr. Downing and decide whether he waived his right to them also.

The procedural safeguards embodied in the fifth and fourteenth amendments "have their historical origins in the notion that conditions of personal freedom can be preserved only when there is some institutional check on arbitrary governmental action." Tribe, American Constitutional Law 501 (1978). These safeguards have been applied to give any individual "the right to be heard before being condemned to suffer grievous loss of any kind ^{Footnote 9} " as a result of governmental actions which affect the range of interests defined as "life," "liber-

ty," or "property" under the fifth and fourteenth amendments. ^{Footnote 10}

It is clear that the existence of a legitimate property or liberty interest is a prerequisite to the examination of any claimed threat of due process. Perry v, Sindermann,  408 U.S. 593, 92 S.Ct. 2694, 33 L.Ed.2d 570 (1972); Goss v. Lopez,  419 U.S. 565, 95 S.Ct. 729, 42 L.Ed.2d 725 (1975); Thurston v. Dekle,  531 F.2d 1264, 1271 (5th Cir. 1976), vacated on other grounds 438 U.S. 701, 98 S.Ct. 3118, 57 L.Ed.2d 1144 (1978). In this case, Dr. Downing was a non-probationary governmental employee. Since he had an expectation of continued employment, it is undisputed by either side here that his employment, a property right, could not be taken away without compliance with the requirements of procedural due process. Ferguson v. Thomas,  430 F.2d 852 (5th Cir. 1970). Having determined that Dr. Downing had a cognizable procedural due process claim, we must examine what procedures had to be accorded to him before he could be terminated. In Thurston v. Dekle,  531 F.2d 1264 (5th Cir. 1976), this Court said that fw]here a governmental employer chooses to postpone the opportunity of a nonprobationary employee to secure a full-evidentiary hearing until after dismissal, risk reducing procedures must be accorded. These must include, prior to termination, written notice of the reasons for termination and an effective opportunity to rebut these reasons. Effective rebuttal must give the employee the right to respond in writing to the charges made and to respond orally before the official charged with the responsibility of making the termination decision.

Id. at 1273 (footnotes omitted.) See also Glenn v. Newman,  614 F.2d 467 (5th Cir.

1980).

In this case, Dr. Downing was given a letter informing him of the reasons he was fired. ^{Footnote 11}

This letter was given to Dr. Down-

ing at the end of a conference with Dr. Williams, at which Dr. Williams attempted to discuss the June 16 statements in the medical records with Dr. Downing and Dr. Downing refused to discuss them. Dr. Williams testified that before Dr. Downing came to the meeting, an agreement had been reached that if Dr. Downing had in fact made the entry "gross neglect," he would be fired.

We find that the pre-termination procedure accorded to Dr. Downing did not accord with the requirements of procedural due process as set out in Thurston. Even though Dr. Downing was given the written reasons for his termination, he was not given an adequate opportunity "to respond in writing to the charges made," Thurston at 1273, since he was fired effective at 5 p. m. on the day he received the letter. That length of time did not provide him with an adequate opportunity to respond in writing to the charges made against him. While we do not address here specifically how much time Dr. Downing should have been afforded to prepare a response, it is clear that a few hours notice was insufficient.

Nor do we find that Dr. Downing waived his right to respond in writing to these charges, because he refused to respond during the conference with Dr. Williams. He was not given the letter until the close of the conference, so any inferences about his failure to respond before he was told he was terminated cannot be used against him on this point. More importantly, provision of adequate time to respond was not a right he could waive. It was up to the employer to provide Dr. Downing with the necessary time to respond, whether he desired to respond or not. We therefore find that Dr. Downing's pre-termination procedural due process rights were violated.

As to the post-termination proceedings, Dr. Downing argues that the grievance procedure provided to him did not comport with procedural due process because he was not provided an adequate statement of the charges against him, and the proceedings were before a non-neutral decision maker. The state of Texas argues, in opposition, that the grievance procedure provided was adequate, and argues further that Dr. Downing waived his right to this hearing.

We agree with Dr. Downing as to his contention about the adequacy of the statement of charges. In Ferguson v. Thomas,  430 F.2d 852 (5th Cir. 1970) this Court, faced with a similar question of the procedural due process requirements of a posttermination employment hearing, said: . . . the standards of procedural due process are not wooden absolutes.

The sufficiency of procedures employed in any particular situation must be judged in the light of the parties, the subject matter and the circumstances involved.

Within the matrix of the particular circumstances present when a teacher who is to be terminated for cause opposes his termination, minimum procedural due process requires that: (a) he be advised of the cause or causes for his termination in sufficient detail to fairly enable him to show any error that may exist; (b) he be advised of the names and the nature of the testimony of witnesses against him; (c) at a reasonable time after such advice he must be accorded a meaningful opportunity to be heard in his own defense; (d) that hearing should be before a tribunal that both possesses some academic expertise and has an apparent impartiality toward the charges. .

Id. at 856. While the factual circumstances in this case are obviously somewhat different from the dismissal of a teacher, the same general principles remain important. Factors (a) and (c) listed in Ferguson are part of any procedural due process protection because they provide the individual with the right to be heard and the right to hear the reasons why he was terminated. Factor (b) is a variant of the requirement of Goldberg v. Kelly,  397 U.S. 254, 271, 90 S.Ct. 1011, 1022, 25 L.Ed.2d 287 (1970) that "the decision maker should state the reasons for his determination and indicate the evidence he relied on ... ." See also Robbins v. U. S. R. R. Retirement Bd.,  594 F.2d 448, 452 (5th Cir. 1979). As to factor (_.), ¦ the Supreme Court has traditionally put a great emphasis on the neutrality of the decision maker. See Arnett v. Kennedy,  416 U.S. 134, 197, 94 S.Ct. 1633, 1665, 40 L.Ed.2d 15 (1974) (White, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part.) In this case, the grievance procedures used by the San Angelo State Center and afforded to the plaintiff were constitutionally deficient. While Dr. Downing was afforded some notice of the reasons for his dismissal, this notice was not detailed enough to allow him to prepare a defense or show that an error had been committed. The June 20 letter (see note 11), the only written communication he received from the Center concerning his termination, may have been detailed enough to meet the more lenient pre-termination standards of Thurston but it does not meet the stricter standards of detailed notice for the more extensive post-termination hearing which was required here. ^{Footnote 12}

In Thurston, this Court, in discussing pretermination due process requirements, spoke of the government's interest in efficient city operation. 531 F.2d at 1272. The Court said that "[i]deally, the balance would seek to minimize the risk of wrongful termination to an employee without burdening the government with elaborate pre-termination proceedings." Id. at 1273. But after the employee has been terminated, the government's interest is much less strong. The employee causing the problem is no longer on the staff. Wages are no longer being paid to him. At that point, the government has an affirmative obligation to provide the discharged employee with enough detailed information so that he can prepare an adequate rebuttal. In this case, the San Angelo Center did not provide such information. The letter Dr. Downing received spoke only of "deliberate insubordination," without specifying the incidents and the conduct for which he was fired. Without this detailed information, it was clearly impossible for Dr. Downing to prepare an adequate rebuttal, or to know exactly why he was fired. He was entitled to such an explanation.

In addition, under the grievance procedure used by the San Angelo Center, it was up to Dr. Downing to present his grievance in writing. Such a grievance had to contain a statement of his complaint and the relief sought. It is difficult to see how he could prepare this statement adequately without further detailed information as to why he was fired. Forcing him to set out the reasons why he thought he was fired to the grievance committee, to set in motion the grievance process, also placed a responsibility on Dr. Downing which was properly the responsibility of the Center. It was up to the Center to tell him the specific reasons why he was fired.

Dr. Downing also argues that the grievance procedure was not neutral because the grievance committee made its recommendations to Dr. Williams, the superintendent and the man responsible for firing him. We disagree with this contention. Although the Supreme Court has set out a

strict standard in this area, ^{Footnote 13} we find no conflicts of interest in this case from either a personal or institutional standpoint that rise to the level of a constitutional violation.

On the personal level, it is clear that Dr. Williams was not the one charged with the sole responsibility of making a decision in this case. Although appointed by the superintendent, the grievance committee was a standing committee of employees that heard all such cases. While Dr. Williams would have been the person to whom the recommendation of the grievance committee was made, there was an appeal channel to the Deputy Commissioner and the Commissioner of Mental Health and Mental Retardation. These procedures were sufficient to insure that Dr. Downing would have his grievance treated fairly.

There was also no appearance of partiality. Cf. Mayberry v. Pennsylvania,  400 U.S. 455, 469, 91 S.Ct. 499, 506, 27 L.Ed.2d 532 (1971) (Harlan, J., concurring). On an institutional level, it is clear that the case was not decided by staff members who had dealt with the case on a close personal basis. Therefore that aspect of neutrality was not violated either. ^{Footnote 14}

The state also argues here that Dr. Downing waived his right to these required post-termination procedures. Dr. Downing was given a copy of the grievance procedures on the day he was terminated. On advice of counsel, he ignored the grievance mechanism which was offered to him.

We hold that Dr. Downing did not waive his rights to post-termination hearings by his failure to invoke these grievance procedures. Since the Center never adequately presented Dr. Downing with the reasons why he was fired, there was no obligation on his part to file a grievance. As stated previously, Dr. Downing was never informed of the precise reasons why he was terminated. It is difficult to see how he could file a grievance without this basic information. The Supreme Court has said that even in non-criminal proceedings, the courts should "indulge every reasonable presumption against waiver" of an essential right. Aetna Insurance Co. v. Kennedy,  301 U.S. 389, 393, 57 S.Ct. 809, 812, 81 L.Ed.2d 1177 (1937). We hold that in this case Dr. Downing could not waive his right to a hearing before he was provided adequate notice of the charges.

Having decided that Dr. Downing's pre- and post-termination procedural due process rights were violated, we find that the district court should have granted his request for injunctive relief for reinstatement. We will address his claim for damages in Part III of the opinion. We now turn to his claims that his first amendment rights were violated.

II

First Amendment Claims Initially, we note here too that we are not bound by the jury's findings that Dr. Downing was dismissed "with good cause." As in our earlier inquiry, the ultimate question of whether Dr. Downing was fired for reasons that impermissibly abridged his first amendment rights is a question of law for the trial court. Cf. Dimick v. Schiedt, 293 U.S. 478, 486, 55 S.Ct. 296, 301, 79 L.Ed. 603 (1935); Williams v. Board of Regents of the University System of Georgia, (5th Cir. 1980). In this inquiry, there are some factual matters which a jury could decide, for example, the extent of a disruption. But any questions of fact which a jury could decide which might relate to the ultimate

questions of law are nonetheless subject to careful review by the Court of Appeals which has the power to "conduct an independent review of constitutional claims when necessary." Jenkins v. Georgia,  418 U.S. 153,160, 94 S.Ct. 2750, 2755, 41 L.Ed.2d 642 (1974). This doctrine has been invoked in the obscenity context to override jury discretion as to what is "patently offensive," a finding which is part of the ultimate inquiry as to whether something is obscene.

As a secondary point, we note that the district court here did not set out the correct legal standards on this first amendment issue. See note 2. "Substantial disruption" is Only one way of describing a small factor in a complex balancing test to deal with these issues that was set out by the Supreme Court in Pickering v. Board of Education,  391 U.S. 563, 88 S.Ct. 1731, 20 L.Ed.2d 811 (1968). See note 15, infra; Porter v. Califano,  592 F.2d 770, 773-74 (5th Cir. 1979); Williams v. Board of Regents of the University System of Georgia, (5th Cir. 1980).

Dr. Downing argues that the administrative directives used as the basis for his dismissal were vague and overbroad in delimiting speech and that his specific statements on the medical records were protected by the first amendment. We will examine each of these arguments in turn.

The appellant says that the staff directives to "immediately cease editorializing through unusual and uncustomary statements in the clinical records . . . " and to "follow administrative channels to state your personal concerns . . . " were vague because they did not provide him with a reasonable opportunity to know what was prohibited, given the wide range of opinion about what is "editorializing," or what are "administrative channels." He urges that because of their vagueness, these rules had a "chilling effect" on speech.

We disagree. Any regulation which proscribes certain conduct must be sufficiently definite to "give a person of ordinary intelligence fair notice that his contemplated conduct is forbidden . . ." Papachristou v. City of Jacksonville,  405 U.S. 156, 162, 92 S.Ct. 839, 843, 31 L.Ed.2d 110 (1972) quoting from United States v. Harriss,  347 U.S. 612, 617, 74 S.Ct. 808, 811, 98 L.Ed. 989 (1954). "A provision need not . be cast in terms that are mathematically precise; it need only give fair warning of the conduct proscribed, in light of common understandings and practices." Stansberry v. Holmes,  613 F.2d 1285, 1289 (5th Cir. 1980).

In this case, we think these standards were met. The May 31 directives to Dr. Downing asked him essentially to cease "editorializing" in the clinical records, and to follow administrative channels to state his personal concerns "in lieu of editorializing in the clinical records." We think it is clear from these directives that what was proscribed was the writing of remarks that were irrelevant to a patient's clinical history. When Dr. Downing was told to cease editorializing, we think he had adequate and fair notice of what conduct was being forbidden.

Dr. Downing also makes a claim that these directives were overbroad. Claims of overbreadth hinge on the fact that a regulation "does not aim specifically at evils within the allowable area of . control, but . . . sweeps within its ambit other activities that ... constitute an exercise" of protected rights. Thornhill v. Alabama,  310 U.S. 88, 97, 60 S.Ct. 736, 742, 84 L.Ed. 1093 (1940). We understand Dr. Downing's argument to be that conduct or speech protected by the first amendment falls within the range of the activities prohibited by the directives. To determine whether that is true, we must first examine what speech or conduct this directive sought to regulate, whether that speech or conduct was a permissible area of regulation, and whether that speech or conduct was regulated in a constitutionally acceptable manner.

Dr. Downing argues that his statements in the hospital records were protected by the first amendment. He says that the social value of his speech in this context

was especially great because of the inability of the patients in this facility to assert their own rights. He urges that within the "penumbra" of values protected by the first amendment right of personal autonomy under Griswold v. Connecticut,  381 U.S. 479, 85 S.Ct. 1678, 14 L.Ed.2d 510 (1965) was his professional judgment as to what to write in a medical record.

The state of Texas argues in opposition that Dr. Downing's speech was not public speech and therefore not entitled to constitutional protection. The state says additionally that even if this Court finds the speech in this case was public speech, the comments were inappropriate for a patient's medical record chart.

As to the state's first argument concerning the "public" nature of the speech, we find that contention completely without merit. In Givhan v. Western Line Consolidated School District,  439 U.S. 410, 99 S.Ct. 693, 58 L.Ed.2d 619 (1979), the Supreme Court said: The First Amendment forbids abridgement of the "freedom of speech." Neither the Amendment itself nor our decisions indicate that this freedom is lost to the public employee who arranges to communicate privately with his employer rather than to spread his views before the public. We decline to adopt such a view of the First Amendment.

Id. at 416, 99 S.Ct. at 696-697. We think this disposes of the appellee's contention that "private" speech is entitled to less constitutional protection than public speech.

However, we find that we are unable to examine the merits of Dr. Downing's first amendment claims further without returning the case to the trial court for more findings of fact concerning the preparation and use of patients' medical records. In Pickering v. Board of Education,  391 U.S. 563, 88 S.Ct. 1731, 20 L.Ed.2d 811 (1968), the Supreme Court set out the standards under which a government could regulate the speech and conduct of its employees. That case held that the inquiry whether certain speech was protected entailed striking "a balance between the interests of the [employee] . . . and the interest of the State, as an employer, in promoting the efficiency of the public services it performs through its employees." Pickering at 568, 88 S.Ct. at 1734-1735. In the later case of Mt. Healthy City Board of Education v. Doyle,  429 U.S. 274, 97 S.Ct. 568, 50 L.Ed.2d 471 (1977), the Supreme Court held that to prove a constitutional violation, an employee must show that his activity was constitutionally protected, that the activity was a "substantial factor" in the decision to terminate the employee, and that the same decision would not have been reached, even in the absence of the protected activity. Mt. Healthy City Board of Education at 287, 97 S.Ct. at 576.

In this case, we must determine whether Dr. Downing's notations in the clinical records of patients were constitutionally protected. Such a determination cannot be made without a much more detailed examination of the purpose and use of these records at this facility. Certainly we can envision situations in which a hospital could legitimately restrict the comments of its medical personnel on patient records as a valid "time, place, and manner" restriction, see Givhan v. Western Line Consolidated School District,  439 U.S. 410, 415 n. 4, 99 S.Ct. 693, 696 n. 4, 58 L.Ed.2d 619 (1979), Smith v. United States,  502 F.2d 512 (5th Cir. 1974), or on the basis of some of the other factors listed as compelling in PickerK ing.

For example, in the interest of effi-

ciency or perhaps staff harmony, the hospital could require doctors to refrain from writing comments such as "Darth Vader for President," on the grounds that such a comment was inappropriate to a patient's record. However here, it is impossible to decide whether Dr. Downing's comments were appropriate without further inquiry. Specifically, the trial court should look at the function and use of these records, in order to determine whether Dr. Downing's comments were peculiarly inappropriate for such a record. A key part of this inquiry should focus on patient accessibility to these records and whether there was another, equally effective, way for a doctor to communicate to patients the information that some medical personnel felt the patients were being mistreated. This is important here because we are not only dealing with Dr. Downing's first amendment rights of speech but with the patients' right to receive information that may be essential to their treatment. Cf. Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC,  395 U.S. 367, 390, 89 S.Ct. 1794, 1806-1807, 23 L.Ed.2d 371 (1967) ("It is the purpose of the First Amendment to preserve an uninhibited marketplace of ideas in which truth will ultimately prevail, rather than to countenance monopolization of that market, whether it be by the Government itself or a private licensee. It is the right of the public to receive suitable access to social, political, esthetic, moral and other ideas and experiences . . . ." (emphasis added)); Griswold v. Connecticut,  381 U.S. 479, 482, 85 S.Ct. 1678, 1680, 14 L.Ed.2d 510 (1965) ("The right of freedom of speech and press includes not only the right to utter or to print, but the right to distribute, the right to receive . . . ."); Stanley v. Georgia,  394 U.S. 557, 564, 89 S.Ct. 1243, 1247, 22 L.Ed.2d 542 (1969); Virginia State Board of Pharmacy v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council, Inc.,  425 U.S. 748, 756, 96 S.Ct. 1817, 1823, 48 L.Ed.2d 346 (1976) ("Freedom of speech presupposes a willing speaker. But where a speaker exists . . . the protection afforded is to the communication, to its source and to its recipients both;") Porter v. Califano,  592 F.2d 770, 773 (5th Cir. 1979); see also note 15. We see this issue of a "patient's right to know" about how other medical personnel view their treatment as especially important in this and other similar contexts, where patients, because of their handicap, may be incapable of finding out in other ways about possibly inadequate treatment. Patients in this hospital are wards of the state and the state cannot infringe upon this right to receive information.

The district court's inquiry should also focus, among other things, on how these records are kept, who has access to them, what the staff and supervisory personnel see as their purpose, and how such records are kept at other similar institutions and what rules are applicable to them there. ^{Footnote 16}

Only after such an inquiry, can any court begin to determine whether Dr. Downing's speech was protected under the standards established by Pickering and Mt. Healthy City Board of Education. For this reason, we remand Dr. Downing's first amendment claims to the trial court for consideration of these and related issues. ^{Footnote 17}

III

Sovereign Immunity Claims As stated previously, as part of its pretrial brief, the State of Texas argued that the Eleventh Amendment was a bar to a suit for damages against these defendants in their official capacities. ^{Footnote 18}

The trial court never addressed this contention, most likely because it did not find that the defendants had violated Dr. Downing's rights. In this Court, the State argues yet again, citing Alabama v. Pugh,  438 U.S. 781, 98 S.Ct. 3057, 57 L.Ed.2d 1114 (1978), that the portion of the suit against the defendants in their official capacity is barred by the Eleventh Amendment. As the principal part of that argument, the State contends that the

Statutes Annotated, which provides indemnification to state officers and employees for virtually all torts of those officers and employees, supports its position that these employees have Eleventh Amendment im625 munity. ^{Footnote 19}

Both because Downing argues in general terms that the statute is against public policy, and because this indemnification argument has been alluded to as an Eleventh Amendment defense even in cases where officers are sued in their individual capacity, ^{Footnote 20} we will discuss briefly here the merits of an Eleventh Amendment defense for these defendants in both their official and individual capacities.

The Eleventh Amendment has been interpreted in a series of cases to restrict federal court jurisdiction in those cases in which the state is the real party in interest. Lincoln County v. Luning,  133 U.S. 529, 10 S.Ct. 363, 33 L.Ed. 766 (1890). This series of cases also holds that Eleventh Amendment immunity cannot be circumvented by suing a governmental unit or individual, which stands in the shoes of the state. In re Ayers,  123 U.S. 443, 8 S.Ct. 164, 31 L.Ed. 216 (1887); Edelman v. Jordan,  415 U.S. 651, 667 n. 12, 94 S.Ct. 1347, 1358, 39